Annotation: confounding in epidemiologic research.

Methodological issues of confounding in analytical epidemiologic studies

Background: Confounding can be thought of as mixing the effect of exposure on the risk of disease with a third factor which distorts the measure of association such as risk ratio or odds ratio. This bias arises because of complex functional relationship of confounder with both exposure and disease (outcome). In this article, we provided a conceptual framework review of confounding issues in epi...

Confounding in health research.

Consideration of confounding is fundamental to the design, analysis, and interpretation of studies intended to estimate causal effects. Unfortunately, the word confounding has been used synonymously with several other terms, and it has been used to refer to at least four distinct concepts. This paper provides an overview of confounding and related concepts based on a counterfactual model of cau...

Understanding confounding in research.

methodological issues of confounding in analytical epidemiologic studies

background: confounding can be thought of as mixing the effect of exposure on the risk of disease with a third factor which distorts the measure of association such as risk ratio or odds ratio. this bias arises because of complex functional relationship of confounder with both exposure and disease (outcome). in this article, we provided a conceptual framework review of confounding issues in epi...

Confounding variables in epidemiologic studies: basics and beyond.

This article discusses the importance, definition, and types of confounders in epidemiology. Methods to identify and address confounding are discussed, as well as their strengths and limitations. The article also describes the difference among confounders, mediators, and effect modifiers.